Different citation styles have different rules for in-text citations, reference list entries, and (sometimes) the formatting of your paper. The differences can be very subtle, so it’s important to carefully check the rules of the style you are using.
Types of in-text citation
When you refer to a source (for example, by quoting or paraphrasing), you have to add a brief citation in the text. There are three main types of citation:
- Parenthetical citation: You put the source reference in parentheses directly in your text. This usually includes the author’s last name along with the publication date and/or the page number.
- Note citation: You put the source reference in a footnote or endnote.
- Numeric citation: You number each of your sources in the reference list and use the correct number when you want to cite a source.
Below is an overview of the systems used in the most common citation style
| Citation style | Disciplines | Type of citation |
|---|---|---|
| MLA | Humanities | Parenthetical (author-page number) |
| APA | Psychology, education, social sciences | Parenthetical (author-date) |
| Chicago A
| History, humanities | Notes |
| Chicago B | Sciences, social sciences, humanities | Parenthetical (author-date) |
| Turabian | Humanities, social sciences, sciences | Notes or author-date |
| Harvard | Economics | Parenthetical (author-date) |
| Vancouver | Medicine | Numeric |
| OSCOLA | Law | Notes |
| IEEE | Engineering, IT | Numeric |
| AMA | Medicine | Numeric |
| ACS | Chemistry | Numeric, Author-page number or Notes |
| NLM | Medicine | Numeric |
| AAA | Anthropology, social studies | Numeric |
| APSA | Political science | Parenthetical (author-date) |
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